Example of time series (1980–2021) decomposition and best-fit trend lines for modeled annual average ice cover (AAIC), lake surface temperature (LST), and lake bottom temperature (LBT) in Lake Ontario. (a)–(c) Total signals (TS; black circles), along with low-frequency (LF) signals identified using SSA analysis (blue) and trend lines fit to TS (red). (d)–(f) Residual signals (RS = TS − LF; black circles), with best-fit trends indicated by dashed red lines.
Citation: Journal of Climate 37, 4; 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0092.1
