Austral summer (DJFM) climatology vertical pressure velocity (shading; hPa day⁻¹) and linear trends of meridional divergence circulation (vectors) from (left) NOAA-20C reanalysis during 1901–2014 and (right) difference in wet and dry CMIP6 models during 1851–2014. (a) Zonal averaged Hadley circulation. (b) As in (a), but for the monsoon region (10°–50°E, 110°–150°E, and 80°–40°W). (c) As in (a), but for the non-monsoon region. (d)–(f) As in (a)–(c), but for the difference between wet and dry models. Vector is the composite of 100 times vertical velocity change (Pa s⁻¹ century⁻¹) with meridional wind trend (m s⁻¹ century⁻¹). The purple boxes indicate the meridional extent of the SH monsoon region.

Citation: Journal of Climate 36, 24; 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0066.1