Impact of the North Pacific Meridional Mode on the Tropical Pacific Modulated by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

Individual mixed layer temperature variance budget term (°C² month⁻¹) averaged in the Niño-3 and Niño-4 regions during +IPO and −IPO. The budget terms are separated into (a) Niño-3 growing phase, (b) Niño-4 growing phase, (c) Niño-3 decaying phase, and (d) Niño-4 decaying phase of the mixed layer temperature variance. Error bars indicate 1 s.d. of the composite months.

Citation: Journal of Climate 37, 7; 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0448.1