Schematic diagram illustrating the physical processes responsible for the difference in the SEASM response to El Niño between BPMs and GPMs. In the top panels, the black hatching denotes the warm SST anomalies of El Niño. The shading denotes climatological SST. The red arrows denote the reflected SW radiation. The blue arrows denote the westerly wind anomalies caused by El Niño SST warming. The purple arrows indicate the poleward Sverdrup transport due to positive wind stress curl anomalies. The regressed JJA(1) SST (shading), precipitation (contours), and 850-hPa wind anomalies (vectors) upon the D(0)JF(1) Niño-3.4 index are shown in the bottom panels.
Citation: Journal of Climate 37, 2; 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0303.1
