Scientists have uncovered an unexpected method to track falling satellites by listening to the Earth itself. Researchers found that when space debris re-enters the atmosphere at extreme speeds, it produces powerful shockwaves that travel through the ground and are picked up by earthquake-monitoring instruments. By analysing these signals, scientists can reconstruct the object’s flight path, speed and possible landing zone in near real time. The discovery, led by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, offers a new way to understand where space debris actually goes once it begins its fiery descent, filling a critical gap left by traditional tracking methods.
Why tracking falling satellites is becoming urgent
Thousands of defunct satellites, rocket stages and fragments of space junk currently orbit Earth. As these objects lose altitude, they eventually re-enter the atmosphere, often unpredictably. While most burn up, some components survive and reach the ground. With satellite launches increasing every year, uncontrolled re-entries are now happening far more frequently. Scientists warn that without better tracking, it is difficult to confirm where debris breaks apart, whether hazardous materials survive the fall, or which regions may be at risk.
How falling space debris creates earthquake-like signals
When a satellite or large fragment re-enters the atmosphere, it travels many times faster than the speed of sound. This generates intense sonic booms similar to those produced by supersonic aircraft, but far more energetic. These shockwaves couple with the ground below, producing vibrations that propagate through the Earth. Seismometers, which are designed to record earthquakes, also detect these vibrations even though no tectonic activity is involved.By examining the timing and strength of signals recorded across multiple seismometers, researchers can trace the debris’ trajectory through the atmosphere. The sequence in which sensors are triggered reveals the direction of travel, while signal intensity helps estimate speed, altitude and where the object breaks apart. This approach allows scientists to reconstruct the actual path of falling debris, rather than relying solely on orbital predictions made before re-entry.
A real-world test case
The team demonstrated the method using debris from China’s Shenzhou-15 orbital module, which re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in April 2024. Data from more than 100 seismometers in southern California showed the object travelling at hypersonic speeds and following a path that differed significantly from forecasts made by US Space Command. The findings confirmed that pre-re-entry predictions can be off by tens of kilometres.
Why this matters for safety and the environment
Knowing where debris actually travels and lands is critical for public safety. Some spacecraft components contain toxic chemicals, heavy metals or, in rare cases, radioactive power sources. Faster and more accurate tracking allows authorities to assess exposure risks, issue warnings if needed and recover debris quickly before it contaminates land or water. Past incidents, such as the unresolved landing of radioactive debris from the Mars 96 mission, highlight the consequences of poor post-entry tracking.
Complementing, not replacing, existing systems
Radar and telescope networks remain essential for monitoring objects in orbit, but they struggle once debris begins to break apart in the atmosphere. Seismic tracking does not replace these systems; instead, it provides independent verification after re-entry starts. Researchers argue that combining orbital data with ground-based seismic observations could dramatically improve response times, narrowing uncertainty from days or months to minutes.
A growing role for Earth’s listening networks
As satellite activity continues to rise, scientists believe earthquake-monitoring networks could play an increasingly important role in space safety. Instruments already deployed for geophysics may quietly become part of a global early-warning and verification system for falling space debris, helping humanity better understand and manage the growing footprint it has left in orbit around Earth.
